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- 2-8 整体配置结构
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- 2-9 多种配置类型
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- 3-2 使用 TypeScript 语言
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- 3-3 使用 Flow 检查器
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- 3-4 使用 SCSS
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- 3-5 使用 PostCSS
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- 3-6 使用 React 框架
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- 3-7 使用 Vue 框架
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- 3-8 使用 Angular2 框架
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- 3-9 为单页应用生成 HTML
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- 3-10 管理多个单页应用
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- 3-11 构建同构应用
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- 3-12 构建 Electron 应用
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- 3-13 构建 Npm 模块
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- 3-14 构建离线应用
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- 3-15 搭配 Npm Script
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- 3-16 检查代码
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- 3-17 通过 Node.js API 启动 Webpack
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- 3-18 使用 Webpack Dev Middleware
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- 3-19 加载图片
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- 3-20 加载SVG
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- 3-21 加载 Source Map
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- 3-22 实战总结
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- <a href="../4优化/">
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- 第4章 优化
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- <ul class="articles">
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- <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.1" data-path="../4优化/4-1缩小文件搜索范围.html">
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- <a href="../4优化/4-1缩小文件搜索范围.html">
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- 4-1 缩小文件搜索范围
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- <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.2" data-path="../4优化/4-2使用DllPlugin.html">
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- 4-2 使用 DllPlugin
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- <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.3" data-path="../4优化/4-3使用HappyPack.html">
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- <a href="../4优化/4-3使用HappyPack.html">
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- 4-3 使用 HappyPack
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- <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.4" data-path="../4优化/4-4使用ParallelUglifyPlugin.html">
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- <a href="../4优化/4-4使用ParallelUglifyPlugin.html">
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- 4-4 使用 ParallelUglifyPlugin
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- 4-5 使用自动刷新
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- <a href="../4优化/4-6开启模块热替换.html">
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- 4-6 开启模块热替换
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- <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.7" data-path="../4优化/4-7区分环境.html">
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- <a href="../4优化/4-7区分环境.html">
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- 4-7 区分环境
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- <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.8" data-path="../4优化/4-8压缩代码.html">
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- <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7" data-path="../5原理/">
-
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-
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- 第5章 原理
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- 5-1 工作原理概括
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- <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.2" data-path="../5原理/5-2输出文件分析.html">
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-
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- 5-2 输出文件分析
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-
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- 5-3 编写 Loader
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- 5-4 编写 Plugin
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- 5-5 调试 Webpack
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-
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-
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- 5-6 原理总结
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-
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- 附录
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- 常用 Loaders
-
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-
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-
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-
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- 常用 Plugins
-
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-
-
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- <li class="chapter " data-level="1.8.3" data-path="../附录/其它Webpack学习资源.html">
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-
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-
- <h1 id="1-1-前端的发展">1-1 前端的发展</h1>
- <p>近年来 Web 应用变得更加复杂与庞大,Web 前端技术的应用范围也更加广泛。
- 从复杂庞大的管理后台到对性能要求苛刻的移动网页,再到类似 ReactNative 的原生应用开发方案,Web 前端工程师在面临更多机遇的同时也会面临更大的挑战。
- 通过直接编写 JavaScript、CSS、HTML 开发 Web 应用的方式已经无法应对当前 Web 应用的发展。近年来前端社区涌现出许多新思想与框架,下面将一一介绍它们。</p>
- <h2 id="模块化">模块化</h2>
- <p>模块化是指把一个复杂的系统分解到多个模块以方便编码。</p>
- <p>很久以前,开发网页要通过命名空间的方式来组织代码,例如 jQuery 库把它的API都放在了 <code>window.$</code> 下,在加载完 jQuery 后其他模块再通过 <code>window.$</code> 去使用 jQuery。
- 这样做有很多问题,其中包括:</p>
- <ul>
- <li>命名空间冲突,两个库可能会使用同一个名称,例如 <a href="http://zeptojs.com" target="_blank">Zepto</a> 也被放在 <code>window.$</code> 下;</li>
- <li>无法合理地管理项目的依赖和版本;</li>
- <li>无法方便地控制依赖的加载顺序。</li>
- </ul>
- <p>当项目变大时这种方式将变得难以维护,需要用模块化的思想来组织代码。</p>
- <h3 id="commonjs">CommonJS</h3>
- <p><a href="http://www.commonjs.org" target="_blank">CommonJS</a> 是一种使用广泛的 JavaScript 模块化规范,核心思想是通过 <code>require</code> 方法来同步地加载依赖的其他模块,通过 <code>module.exports</code> 导出需要暴露的接口。
- CommonJS 规范的流行得益于 Node.js 采用了这种方式,后来这种方式被引入到了网页开发中。</p>
- <p>采用 CommonJS 导入及导出时的代码如下:</p>
- <pre><code class="lang-js"><span class="hljs-comment">// 导入</span>
- <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> moduleA = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./moduleA'</span>);
- <span class="hljs-comment">// 导出</span>
- <span class="hljs-built_in">module</span>.exports = moduleA.someFunc;
- </code></pre>
- <p>CommonJS 的优点在于:</p>
- <ul>
- <li>代码可复用于 Node.js 环境下并运行,例如做同构应用;</li>
- <li>通过 NPM 发布的很多第三方模块都采用了 CommonJS 规范。</li>
- </ul>
- <p>CommonJS 的缺点在于这样的代码无法直接运行在浏览器环境下,必须通过工具转换成标准的 ES5。</p>
- <blockquote>
- <p>CommonJS 还可以细分为 CommonJS1 和 CommonJS2,区别在于 CommonJS1 只能通过 <code>exports.XX = XX</code> 的方式导出,CommonJS2 在 CommonJS1 的基础上加入了 <code>module.exports = XX</code> 的导出方式。
- CommonJS 通常指 CommonJS2。</p>
- </blockquote>
- <h3 id="amd">AMD</h3>
- <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_module_definition" target="_blank">AMD</a> 也是一种 JavaScript 模块化规范,与 CommonJS 最大的不同在于它采用异步的方式去加载依赖的模块。
- AMD 规范主要是为了解决针对浏览器环境的模块化问题,最具代表性的实现是 <a href="http://requirejs.org" target="_blank">requirejs</a>。</p>
- <p>采用 AMD 导入及导出时的代码如下:</p>
- <pre><code class="lang-js"><span class="hljs-comment">// 定义一个模块</span>
- define(<span class="hljs-string">'module'</span>, [<span class="hljs-string">'dep'</span>], <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">dep</span>) </span>{
- <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> exports;
- });
- <span class="hljs-comment">// 导入和使用</span>
- <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>([<span class="hljs-string">'module'</span>], <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">module</span>) </span>{
- });
- </code></pre>
- <p>AMD 的优点在于:</p>
- <ul>
- <li>可在不转换代码的情况下直接在浏览器中运行;</li>
- <li>可异步加载依赖;</li>
- <li>可并行加载多个依赖;</li>
- <li>代码可运行在浏览器环境和 Node.js 环境下。</li>
- </ul>
- <p>AMD 的缺点在于JavaScript 运行环境没有原生支持 AMD,需要先导入实现了 AMD 的库后才能正常使用。 </p>
- <h3 id="es6-模块化">ES6 模块化</h3>
- <p>ES6 模块化是欧洲计算机制造联合会 ECMA 提出的 JavaScript 模块化规范,它在语言的层面上实现了模块化。浏览器厂商和 Node.js 都宣布要原生支持该规范。它将逐渐取代 CommonJS 和 AMD 规范,成为浏览器和服务器通用的模块解决方案。</p>
- <p>采用 ES6 模块化导入及导出时的代码如下:</p>
- <pre><code class="lang-js"><span class="hljs-comment">// 导入</span>
- <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { readFile } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>;
- <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> React <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'react'</span>;
- <span class="hljs-comment">// 导出</span>
- <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">hello</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) </span>{};
- <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span> {
- <span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
- };
- </code></pre>
- <p>ES6模块虽然是终极模块化方案,但它的缺点在于目前无法直接运行在大部分 JavaScript 运行环境下,必须通过工具转换成标准的 ES5 后才能正常运行。</p>
- <h3 id="样式文件中的模块化">样式文件中的模块化</h3>
- <p>除了 JavaScript 开始模块化改造,前端开发里的样式文件也支持模块化。
- 以 SCSS 为例,把一些常用的样式片段放进一个通用的文件里,再在另一个文件里通过 <code>@import</code> 语句去导入和使用这些样式片段。</p>
- <pre><code class="lang-scss"><span class="hljs-comment">// util.scss 文件</span>
- <span class="hljs-comment">// 定义样式片段</span>
- @<span class="hljs-keyword">mixin</span> center {
- <span class="hljs-comment">// 水平竖直居中</span>
- <span class="hljs-attribute">position</span>: absolute;
- <span class="hljs-attribute">left</span>: <span class="hljs-number">50%</span>;
- <span class="hljs-attribute">top</span>: <span class="hljs-number">50%</span>;
- <span class="hljs-attribute">transform</span>: translate(-<span class="hljs-number">50%</span>,-<span class="hljs-number">50%</span>);
- }
- <span class="hljs-comment">// main.scss 文件</span>
- <span class="hljs-comment">// 导入和使用 util.scss 中定义的样式片段</span>
- @<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> <span class="hljs-string">"util"</span>;
- <span class="hljs-selector-id">#box</span>{
- @<span class="hljs-keyword">include</span> center;
- }
- </code></pre>
- <hr>
- <h2 id="新框架">新框架</h2>
- <p>在 Web 应用变得庞大复杂时,采用直接操作 DOM 的方式去开发将会使代码变得复杂和难以维护,
- 许多新思想被引入到网页开发中以减少开发难度、提升开发效率。</p>
- <h3 id="react">React</h3>
- <p><a href="https://facebook.github.io/react/" target="_blank">React</a> 框架引入 JSX 语法到 JavaScript 语言层面中,以更灵活地控制视图的渲染逻辑。</p>
- <pre><code class="lang-jsx"><span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> has = <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>;
- render(has ? <span class="xml"><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">h1</span>></span>hello,react<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">h1</span>></span></span> : <span class="xml"><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">div</span>></span>404<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">div</span>></span></span>);
- </code></pre>
- <p>这种语法无法直接在任何现成的 JavaScript 引擎里运行,必须经过转换。</p>
- <h3 id="vue">Vue</h3>
- <p><a href="https://vuejs.org" target="_blank">Vue</a> 框架把一个组件相关的 HTML 模版、JavaScript 逻辑代码、CSS 样式代码都写在一个文件里,这非常直观。</p>
- <pre><code class="lang-html"><span class="hljs-comment"><!--HTML 模版--></span>
- <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">template</span>></span>
- <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">div</span> <span class="hljs-attr">class</span>=<span class="hljs-string">"example"</span>></span>{{ msg }}<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">div</span>></span>
- <span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">template</span>></span>
- <span class="hljs-comment"><!--JavaScript 组件逻辑--></span>
- <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">script</span>></span><span class="javascript">
- <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">default</span> {
- data () {
- <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> {
- msg: <span class="hljs-string">'Hello world!'</span>
- }
- }
- }
- </span><span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">script</span>></span>
- <span class="hljs-comment"><!--CSS 样式--></span>
- <span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">style</span>></span><span class="css">
- <span class="hljs-selector-class">.example</span> {
- <span class="hljs-attribute">font-weight</span>: bold;
- }
- </span><span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">style</span>></span>
- </code></pre>
- <h3 id="angular2">Angular2</h3>
- <p><a href="https://angular.io" target="_blank">Angular2</a> 推崇采用 TypeScript 语言去开发应用,并且可以通过注解的语法描述组件的各种属性。</p>
- <pre><code class="lang-typescript">@Component({
- selector: <span class="hljs-string">'my-app'</span>,
- template: <span class="hljs-string">`<h1>{{title}}</h1>`</span>
- })
- <span class="hljs-keyword">export</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> AppComponent {
- title = <span class="hljs-string">'Tour of Heroes'</span>;
- }
- </code></pre>
- <hr>
- <h2 id="新语言">新语言</h2>
- <p>JavaScript 最初被设计用于完成一些简单的工作,在用它开发大型应用时一些语言缺陷会暴露出来。
- CSS 只能用静态的语法描述元素的样式,无法像写 JavaScript 那样增加逻辑判断与共享变量。
- 为了解决这些问题,许多新语言诞生了。</p>
- <h3 id="es6">ES6</h3>
- <p>ECMAScript 6.0(简称 ES6)是 JavaScript 语言的下一代标准。它在语言层面为 JavaScript 引入了很多新语法和 API ,使得 JavaScript 语言可以用来编写复杂的大型应用程序。例如:</p>
- <ul>
- <li>规范模块化;</li>
- <li>Class 语法;</li>
- <li>用 <code>let</code> 声明代码块内有效的变量 ,用 <code>const</code> 声明常量;</li>
- <li>箭头函数;</li>
- <li>async 函数;</li>
- <li>Set 和 Map 数据结构。</li>
- </ul>
- <p>通过这些新特性,可以更加高效地编写代码,专注于解决问题本身。但遗憾的是不同浏览器对这些特性的支持不一致,使用了这些特性的代码可能会在部分浏览器下无法运行。为了解决兼容性问题,需要把 ES6 代码转换成 ES5 代码,<a href="https://babeljs.io" target="_blank">Babel</a> 是目前解决这个问题最好的工具。
- Babel 的插件机制让它可灵活配置,支持把任何新语法转换成 ES5 的写法。</p>
- <p>想学习更多 ES6 的新特性,推荐阅读阮一峰的 <a href="http://es6.ruanyifeng.com" target="_blank">《ECMAScript 6 入门》</a>。</p>
- <h3 id="typescript">TypeScript</h3>
- <p><a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org" target="_blank">TypeScript</a> 是 JavaScript 的一个超集,由 Microsoft 开发并开源,除了支持 ES6 的所有功能,还提供了静态类型检查。采用 TypeScript 编写的代码可以被编译成符合 ES5、ES6 标准的 JavaScript。
- 将 TypeScript 用于开发大型项目时,其优点才能体现出来,因为大型项目由多个模块组合而成,不同模块可能又由不同人编写,在对接不同模块时静态类型检查会在编译阶段找出可能存在的问题。
- TypeScript 的缺点在于语法相对于 JavaScript 更加啰嗦,并且无法直接运行在浏览器或 Node.js 环境下。</p>
- <pre><code class="lang-typescript"><span class="hljs-comment">// 静态类型检查机制会检查传给 hello 函数的数据类型</span>
- <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title">hello</span>(<span class="hljs-params">content: <span class="hljs-built_in">string</span></span>) </span>{
- <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-string">`Hello, <span class="hljs-subst">${content}</span>`</span>;
- }
- <span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> content = <span class="hljs-string">'word'</span>;
- hello(content);
- </code></pre>
- <h3 id="flow">Flow</h3>
- <p><a href="https://flow.org" target="_blank">Flow</a> 也是 JavaScript 的一个超集,它的主要特点是为 JavaScript 提供静态类型检查,和 TypeScript 相似但更灵活,可以让你只在需要的地方加上类型检查。</p>
- <h3 id="scss">SCSS</h3>
- <p><a href="http://sass-lang.com" target="_blank">SCSS</a> 可以让你用程序员的方式写 CSS。它是一种 CSS 预处理器,基本思想是用和 CSS 相似的编程语言写完后再编译成正常的 CSS 文件。</p>
- <pre><code class="lang-scss"><span class="hljs-variable">$blue</span>: <span class="hljs-number">#1875e7</span>; 
- <span class="hljs-selector-tag">div</span> {
- <span class="hljs-attribute">color</span>: <span class="hljs-variable">$blue</span>;
- }
- </code></pre>
- <p>采用 SCSS 去写 CSS 的好处在于可以方便地管理代码,抽离公共的部分,通过逻辑写出更灵活的代码。
- 和 SCSS 类似的 CSS 预处理器还有 <a href="http://lesscss.org" target="_blank">LESS</a> 等。</p>
- <hr>
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